Creating a Germanium Flare

This post is a follow-up to the one at http://newstudentresearch.blogspot.com/2015/08/looking-at-universe-using-germanium.html that had argued that emission spectral lines of heavy elements are especially attractive for interstellar signalling.

Let us consider further the experiment of sending a few tons of a heavy element such as germanium to fall into the solar atmosphere; I use the term “heavy element” to refer to elements that are not synthesized in stars. We would not need to use high purity Germanium, even 90% purity may be sufficient for this purpose. We would need to study the dynamics of the inserted material in the chromosphere. How much energy will it release in specific spectral bands as narrow as individual spectral lines? What would be the time constants of the energy release? What will be the signal to noise ratio that a remote observer would have to work with, to detect the event? What will be the extent of broadening of the spectral lines due to the temperature in the chromosphere?  These are interesting scientific questions.

Then there is the usual SF question: would we be sending out with a germanium flare a signal that we exist, and possibly attract a violent reaction from some advanced civilization? An option would be to send a smaller package of Germanium to fall into the Sun’s atmosphere – big enough to give us answers to our scientific questions and yet too small to be noticed at interstellar distances. A small package would also be more affordable; a ton of germanium probably would probably cost a million dollars or more!

A possibility that terrifies me is that no other civilization exists that we could communicate with; and, that we are all alone.

Looking at the universe using Germanium based photodetectors

I would like to sound out readers of this post about some speculative ideas. The assumption is that advanced civilizations might have discovered that the abundance of elements such as Germanium in stellar atmospheres is pretty close to zero. They could have also discovered that one could build Germanium based photon detectors and Ge based lasers. This opens up the possibility of interstellar signalling using photons produced by Ge based Lasers. An alternative method of sending a strong signal would involve sending spacecraft made of Germanium to fall into the atmosphere of a nearby star in a controlled time sequence. Each spacecraft falling into the stellar atmosphere ought to produce several megawatts of radiation from Germanium heated to very high temperatures. 

The weak element in the communication chain would be the Germanium based photo-detectors put together by another civilization, presumably scanning for these signals at some far away location; their spectral selectivity would not be adequate to reject extraneous light. While they will optimally detect photons with the right energies, they will also detect photons with other energies. The question that arises is if there is a way to design detectors that will be highly selective to radiation produced by excited Ge atoms only. A way to do this might be to use silicon doped only with Ge and operating at a voltage where Ge originated photons would create a cascade, while other photons will not. If we can create such a detector, we can get amazing signal-to-noise ratios for the whole system. Ideally, we would need an array of detectors so that we can scan an area of the sky using parallel detection elements.

I would like to add a couple of more thoughts. The universe creates little light at the wavelengths we have talked about except perhaps in some supernovae. Secondly, red shift may not be insurmountable problem, because we hope to look for signals arising within a few hundred light years from the earth. The red shift involved may be small enough to be handled in some way.  

Please do share your thoughts. I do moderate comments to avoid advertisements and such, but shall be happy to publish comments even if they say why this method of interstellar signalling will not work.

 

* * * * *

Waking up of Comet Lander Philae

It is a great day for the European project named Rosetta Stone, which had aimed at putting instrumentation on the surface of a comet. The project’s lander had fallen into a place on the Comet where there was not enough sunlight and so its batteries soon ran out of charge. The comet (named 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko) was meanwhile moving closer to the Sun. The lander has now come back to life months after it fell into a “coma”. Luckily it woke up just in time for an interesting phase. If all goes well, it could keep working until August 13, 2015 when the Comet will reach its nearest point to the Sun – it will then be 186 million Kilometres from the Sun. This will be farther than the earth, which is about 150 million KMs from the Sun. Some of the material from the comet will evaporate as it warms up as it reaches the Sun and a cometary tail will form. The Comet is currently in the constellation of Aries, but don’t grab your binoculars. It is too faint to be seen with binoculars.

For a good news report, visit http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33126885

There is an exciting story of how scientists located the current site of Philae. Visit http://www.universetoday.com/120797/have-we-found-rosettas-lost-philae-lander/

In the middle of all this excitement, we should not forget an achievement of Japanese scientists in September 2005, when their unmanned spacecraft physically landed on an asteroid and brought back samples for study! Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayabusa

There is a useful set of Frequently Asked Questions and answers about the Rosetta Stone project at http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Frequently_asked_questions

You may wish to read about the original Rosetta Stone which had suddenly opened up for reading a Chapter of human history. Visit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone

The fact that a common text was written in three different scripts on this stone tablet made it possible for scholars to decode ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The text had been written in 196 B. C. This shows the power of parallel corpuses!

Testing food items for lead content

There is serious concern in India about lead contamination in packaged food. Students of science may wish to test foods, as well as food ingredients, from various sources for such contamination. Lead chromate is sometimes misused to color turmeric. Visit

Contaminated Turmeric Is a Potential Source of Lead … 
by Kelsey Gleason et al.

 “Metanil yellow” is a dangerous colorant that is often used by unscrupulous elements to color turmeric powder. It is “the principal non-permitted food colour used extensively in India” according to Nagaraja TN and Desiraju T in their 1993 paper

Effects of chronic consumption of metanil yellow …

Apart from turmeric, various dals are often coloured by dangerous colorants. You can find more information on these topics in the following:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulterated_food

Kitchen tricks to expose food adulteration

A related issue is of testing water used for cooking and drinking. There is an Indian Standard (IS) for potable water:

INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER - IS: 10500

It would be great if students of chemistry or of environmental science could test tap water and well water in many locations all over India.  Is there lead in the samples, or arsenic, or organic pesticide residues?  These are projects that can save lives!  

Using microwave radiation to sterilize grain, pulses and packaged food

My wife had bought a packet of pasta seasoning recently. It consisted of dried seasoning ingredients. She was shocked when she opened the packet at home, finding a whole lot of black insects crawling out. I don’t know the appropriate name for the pests and was not there to see them. Wikihow tells you how to avoid weevils in flour:

http://www.wikihow.com/Get-Rid-of-Weevils-%28Flour-Bugs%29

I am not satisfied by the recommendations given in the Wikihow article. It appears to me that insects could not have been there when the seasoning items were packaged. They would have been there as insect eggs waiting to hatch after a few weeks. What manufacturers of packaged food ingredients should do after sealing their packages is to microwave them for a short time. This may need a microwave device into which packages are put in sizable numbers at a time. This will also need trained technicians who determine the adequate-but-safe time of microwave exposure to sterilize insect eggs in different types of packages.

There has been a lot of study of using gamma radiation and such to sterilize food material. Compared to that microwaving food packages is a much simpler, safer and inexpensive technology.

There have been research reports on using this technique for protecting food grain, for instance,

Microwave technology for the disinfestation of cereals by Deep N. Yadav et al in the Journal of Food Science and Technology.

It is reported that 2% to 4% of stored cereals and 5% of stored pulses are lost in India every year due to insect infestation. Post-harvest losses due to all causes are said to deny India of 14 to 16% of food grains every year. Visit Grain storage management in India by M. Esther Magdalene Sharon et al in the Journal of Postharvest Technology.

Quality management is particularly important to the export trade. Visit the report titled http://www.firstpost.com/business/economy/certify-that-your-basmati-doesnt-have-bugs-us-tells-india-74894.html in the first post. 

It appears to me that the challenge is to entrepreneurs in India. They need to manufacture and/or market suitable microwave equipment. A good project for the “Make in India” movement! The equipment required would involve cabinet-sized microwave devices to serve the small scale sector. At another end, there would be a need for big machines fed by conveyor belts that could sterilize a few hundred tons a day! Just ask how many million tons of food grain they have in storage at a given time!   

Floating robotic devices to monitor river pollution

China is reported to be using drones to detect polluting factories. Good idea! http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Home/Environment/Pollution/China-uses-drones-to-detect-polluting-factories/articleshow/47332399.cms

A related development could be using robotic “boats” to monitor river pollution. It is very tempting to call them “roboats”! Factory effluents and sewage enter rivers at specific points, and it needs constant policing to detect and deter criminal pollution of rivers. Roboats could simplify the work.

The challenge is in ensuring a very high chance that the roboat could travel a required stretch of the river without getting stuck in weeds or rocks or getting grounded on the shore somewhere. We need to look for some design that ensures that the roboat would prefer to stay in that part of the river stream where the velocity is highest.  Is it true that a smooth spherical object, perhaps weighted to reduce tumbling, would avoid the slow moving side of the water due to the Venturi effect? It is worth checking this out. The roboat could be a smooth sphere made of a suitable material, ideally one that will let cell phone signals travel through it. We will need sensors in contact with water to make suitable measurements. A transmitter based on a smart phone could be inside the shell and send out signals whenever it is able to sense the presence of signals from a base station. We could also build in mechanisms that could help the roboat to wriggle free if it gets stuck.

An alternative design would be to use an aluminium alloy shell and mount a water proof control and communication device on top. A suitable weight inside the shell could provide an orientation to the device to keep the concealed antenna on top. GPS sensing could be used to provide location information and data might need to be stored till connectivity is available for transmission. It might be useful to recover the roboat before the river falls into the sea, but we should also be willing to treat it as a dispensable object. The data it would provide during a run, for instance along a stretch of River Ganges, would be worth a lot more than the cost of a device like that. Developing inexpensive sensors to make appropriate measurements would be a key part of the project. It would be great to create enough electrical energy from the physical motions of the device to keep the control/communications device charged. Another idea worth exploring is that of a wireless beacon on the device that gets turned on at the end of the run, to facilitate its recovery. 

We could also use tethered devices to monitor specific locations, including locations off the sea coastline.

A beeper-app for your cell phone

Suppose your cell phone has an app that sends out a shrill, recognizable whistle every hour for two seconds or something like that. It could be handy if you ever get caught under a lot of debris from a falling building. You would obviously like to be able to keep it turned off most of the time, but then you have to hope that if you get caught in an earthquake, you are able to reach for your phone and turn the app on!

Or perhaps, the app can be programmed to sense that signals from cell phone towers have stopped coming and turn the beeper-app on.  It would act as a kind of black box for the individual.

As an additional feature, you can make the whistle a frequency-modulated signal carrying your cell phone number or a contact number of someone who is to be contacted. If the rescue team carries a cell phone equipped with the same app, it could decode the signal from the buried phone and display it.

Skiers and hikers could also use this app. In addition to an audible whistle, the app could send text messages that can be picked up by some specialized equipment that rescue teams could carry. The design of such equipment is itself an interesting project; it would have to work in the absence of normal coverage by a cellular network. Can one use microcell equipment for this purpose? It is worth investigating: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcell

The European Commission has co-funded a project for cell-phone assisted rescue work: 

http://www.rescuecell.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Press-Release-RescueCell-vFINAL.pdf

You may also find the following item interesting: 

http://news.cnet.com/Turning-cell-phones-into-lifelines/2100-1039_3-6140794.html

Possible cancer risks associated with eating food cooked over a flame

Is it risky to eat phulkas or rotis that are cooked on the open flame of a gas or charcoal stove? Is this made worse by the chemicals present in gas flames? I started reading up about this because published literature shows a link between cooking food by grilling and the incidence of cancer. Possibly cancer causing substances such as Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed when meat, including beef, pork, fish, or poultry, is cooked using high-temperature methods, such as pan frying or grilling directly over an open flame.

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes-prevention/risk/diet/cooked-meats-fact-sheet

A research paper reports a finding that those with higher consumption of hamburgers were 79% more likely to get prostate cancer. 

Meat consumption, cooking practices, meat mutagens, and risk of prostate cancer

Are there similar risks to vegetarians? A substance named acrylamide has been found to cause cancer in rats, and could therefore be possibly harmful to humans as well. High-temperature cooking such as frying, baking, or broiling produces acrylamide. Boiling and microwaving are less likely to do so:

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes-prevention/risk/diet/acrylamide-fact-sheet

The document linked to the URL below quotes Dr Paul Brent, the chief scientist of Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) on the topic of acrylamide and cancer. It also says that acrylamide is found in burnt toast.

http://www.abc.net.au/health/talkinghealth/factbuster/stories/2011/01/25/3093063.htm

I could not find any peer-reviewed publication reporting on possible links between cooking flat bread such as phulkas, rotis and naans in contact with a flame. If you wish to investigate the existence of any such link, there seem to be at least two different projects that are attractive. One is to use the Ames test to verify if the burnt spots in flame-cooked foods contain any mutagenic chemicals, possibly followed by carcinogen assays on mice and rats. The other project would be to do a questionnaire based survey of cancer patients from India, or in some other country in South Asia, to look for statistical evidence of a link between fairly frequent consumption of flame-cooked food and the occurrence of specific types of cancer. It would be significant if the test is conducted over a population of cancer patients having different types of cancer and if the statistics point to a link with a specific type of cancer, say cancer of the digestive system. 

Questionnaire based surveys do not usually establish any causative link, but provide significant information that may lead to further research. An investigation covering both the projects mentioned above could lead to very significant conclusions.

Only a fraction of Indians smoke cigarettes or its local version, beedies, while a much larger fraction probably consumes flame-cooked food. The number of deaths due to smoking in India is said to have been estimated by the World Health Organization to be 900,000/year in 2009.
Crisis in India: Smoking Expected to Kill 1 Million People Annually by 2010
Information presented above gives us a clue that the scientific investigations proposed could be of considerable value to Indians as a whole. I hope that epidemiologists would look into this question soon.

END

An app to promote social responsibility

Please refer to my earlier blog on a related question: http://newstudentresearch.blogspot.in/2015/03/social-responsibility-and-detecting.html

This post is a follow-up about people who carry critical responsibilities involving others’ lives. Stressful events do occur as often in their lives as in the case of others’. Only people very close to them may be aware of these stressful events – friends, family, and doctors. The doctor may schedule a biopsy for a pilot the following week and the pilot might be flying an intercontinental flight that night. Events do not always occur giving adequate recovery time between them. Sometimes they pile on an individual, creating extreme stress.

Let us assume that carrying critical responsibility over other peoples’ lives means that one might need to make some compromises in regard to one’s own privacy. Assume that the law gets amended if necessary, to permit the kind of monitoring I propose below; an appropriate set of safeguards would have to be incorporated. The individual concerned would enroll in a program, identifying five or more people close to him, whom he authorizes to report weekly about any stress he might be under and other circumstances that need the attention of his supervisor. His contacts use an app to send a machine processable report weekly indicating any stress, incident, or other problem. Alternatively, there would be a positive report saying that the reporting person had contact with the monitored person and was not aware of anything to cause concern. The contacts would of course have to be educated and responsible people, well briefed and knowledgeable. Most of the time a computer would crunch the incoming reports and file them away in some well-protected manner. Exceptional circumstances would be "recognized" by an algorithm and reported to the supervisor immediately. 

I am not saying that any such scheme should be implemented in the real world right now. All I would like to see for the present is discussion of the issues involved and carrying out of psychological experiments. Perhaps there is way to make peoples’ lives a little safer. We could do it, hopefully, without being unfair to people who carry onerous responsibilities, and without dehumanizing ourselves in implementing the system. Caring for others’ lives need not conflict with compassion for individual under stress or other unfortunate circumstances.  

Social responsibility and detecting depression

I usually post what I think are interesting project ideas on this blog. This is an exception – I have no answers, but do have what I think is an interesting question. The tragic death of nearly 150 passengers and crew in the crash of Germanwings flight 4U9525 was the trigger that set me thinking. The allegation that the co-pilot might have intentionally crashed the plane raises the question: can we detect such risks in advance and possibly prevent them? CNN was discussing if there should be cameras in aircraft cockpits, but someone pointed out they are unlikely to help in preventing crashes; they can only help in the investigation that follows the crash.

Let me leave behind the specific incident of 4U9525. We don’t know enough about it to discuss it any further.

The more general question is about people who carry critical responsibilities – surgeons who handle very tricky operations, pilots, people whose staff carry a box with nuclear trigger buttons on them, and those who sit in cold, underground bunkers waiting for a signal to launch missiles. I would also add to this lot millions of car and bus drivers whose actions/in-actions can cause deaths. What if they had been in bar fight the night before, or if their girlfriend had told them to get lost, or if a doctor had told them that he would like them to take a test for early signs of Alzheimer’s disease. These situations are very personal ones. Only people very close to the individual know about them in time to prevent tragic developments – people like the spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend, doctor, etc. 

Is there a role we can visualize for people very close to a person carrying critical responsibilities in protecting him/her, along with protecting hundreds or thousands who may be endangered by an act of desperation? As an example, ask yourself this: if you were a pilot, does your spouse have a social responsibility to avoid your doing something desperate? Or does your right to privacy override your spouse’s social responsibility? Can a loner carry a critical responsibility, or is it better for anyone carrying a major responsibility to have the support of a few trusted people? How would information about risks be shared and what privacy safeguards would be possible?

I do not know the answers, but you should think and ideally write about this topic. Students of technology do not usually face questions like this, but an education in science or technology cannot be complete without some attention to issues like this. Another possibility is collaboration between people who could put together an app to facilitate sensitive messages, and people interested in experiments in psychology, to do collaborative work to gain insight into this question. This suggestion brings to my mind a Wikipedia article I had read years ago http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment  That article alerts one to the risks on psychological experimentation involving human beings and their behavior under conditions of extreme stress.  

Using your cell phone as a weapon for self defence

Imagine a special button on your cell phone. In an emergency, such as a situation in which you are afraid you are about to be attacked by a criminal, point the cell phone at him and press the button to take his photo - this may well be the last photograph you take! The picture would be sent instantaneously for safekeeping to a remote server with location and time information. The audio channel would be switched on and a loud warning issued to the attacker; something like "Your photograph has been sent to the police. Avoid all violence!" Any conversation would be recorded and preserved on the server. The record would be preserved for use by the law & order authorities later on. Text and or email alerts would be sent to a set of pre-stored addresses.

The attacker would probably grab the phone and smash it, providing a useful distraction. You can improve the situation by throwing the phone into a bush or over a fence! Would the attacker be enraged and punish you? I cannot predict what will happen in the individual case but if the world comes to know that many people carry cell phones equipped with such an invention, attacks would surely come down.

The company or agency running the server should not allow the cell phone “owner” to retrieve or delete any recording sent to it. It should be treated as police property for investigation and use in a court.

Why did I think of such an invention? I was reading a very interesting article on the website of AAAS Science

To foster complex societies, tell people a god is watching

Obviously, belief in an omnipresent god deters a lot of people from anti-social behavior. The fear is particularly effective as “god can punish you even after you are dead!”

I believe that the ubiquitous cell phone could have significant deterrent effect too!

Why do I publish this in a blog meant for students? I hope that some of them will implement a project based on this idea or an improved version. The implementation may be as simple as an app; you don't really need a special button!

CCTV cameras are playing a useful role in helping police catch criminals. I would like every cell phone to function as something equivalent to a CCTV camera. There is usually a cell phone wherever there is a potential victim! 

App to Monitor Electrical energy Usage

I got bills for Rs 1998 in November, Rs 2547 in December and Rs 3011 in January. Was the increase due only to some increased usage in winter? After all, hot water geysers probably gobble up more energy than any other device!  Air conditioners may use more energy, but we do not have one. Our cooking is mostly done with a gas stove.

There are allegations that meter readings as processed by the utility company have errors in them and are sometimes subject to fudging. More than all this, I would worry about thoughtless consumption of what is a scarce resource in India. Sometimes we let a geyser run for a couple of hours for no reason. Sometimes we let lights stay on unnecessarily. The best remedy for this would be to give homes a true power meter which shows the instantaneous power consumption in watts or kilowatts. It could also show the accumulated charge for the current billing period, displaying the number of chargeable units and an estimated charge in the appropriate currency. In most cities, the charging is done on a slab basis indicating the rate per KWh as a function of the number of units consumed. It may be sufficient if an average rate/KWh is used to display estimated charges, on the basis of the average consumption in units per month in the house.

The basic idea is to create awareness of consumption of a scarce resource and to enable the user to manage consumption intelligently, reducing energy wastage. 

There is no standard for an interface for a device like this to be connected to house wiring. One possibility is to see if a fuse holder can be modified so that it continues to work as a current limiter and at the same time gives a measurement of instantaneous current being drawn. However, this could raise issues of safety and legality.

Would a simple display unit integrated into the sensor holder do? It would be the most inexpensive solution. Or would a cell phone be better to tap the computing and display capabilities of the cell phone? These are design issues to be tackled.

end

Landing a probe on a comet (67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko)

The European Space Agency's Rosetta Spacecraft has succeeded in landing a device carrying instruments on the comet

http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/nov/12/rosetta-mission-philae-historic-landing-comet

The extent of success of the mission is not clear as I write this piece on Nov 13, 2014 as seen from this report:

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/philae-lander-bounced-twice-on-comet-and-may-still-not-be-stable-rosetta-mission-scientists-warn-9857551.html

According to TV news, gravitational acceleration at the place of landing is 100,000 times weaker than on earth; if this is true, it would mean that a 100 Kg lander would behave as if it weighed 1 gram! It is obviously a great challenge to a build a robotic device to work under such circumstances, land on a surface whose properties are not known, and then carry out useful research. All this has to be done with 64 hours of battery life! We do not know how well the solar panels would be able to recharge the batteries!  

The goal is undoubtedly a worthy one. We should recall the great contribution of Edmond Halley in this context. He predicted that a comet that had appeared in 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 would return in 1758. He did not live to see this happen, but the prediction made a big impact on human thought. Superstitious beliefs that comets were heavenly messengers foreboding pestilence, famine and death were shown to be hollow. His prediction was not a casual one. He had been attracted to Kepler's laws of planetary motion and was looking for proof that they were in fact accurate. In August 1684, he went to Cambridge to discuss this with Sir Isaac Newton, and found that Newton had solved the problem, working on the orbit of comet Kirch. Finding that Newton could not locate a record of his own work, Halley encouraged him to redo it and publish it. It finally came out prominently in “Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica” authored by Newton and published at Halley's expense in 1687.

Halley and Newton did not merely change our knowledge of mechanics. They helped destroy the cobwebs of the human mind, giving us an opportunity to develop a more verifiable world view. We don’t need to cook up myths to explain what we do not understand. We need to explore and find verifiable truths to share.

The European comet lander Philae is humanity’s latest step in this direction. As a robot it looks tragically ill equipped to search for the presence of amino acids on a 4 km rock floating hundreds of million miles away. It will no doubt inspire better robots to be built to explore heavenly bodies. The presence of certain amino acids on comets would tell us more about the origin of life. Any discoveries in this direction would take us farther along the revolution Halley and Newton had launched.  

Let us recognize the engineering challenges in this, and encourage students to design good robot explorers. It is not a job for a single team. Hundreds of ideas need to be explored and applied to solving hundreds of problems, apart from building comet explorers. I had written a piece on a related topic in 2012 and the URL for that is    

http://newstudentresearch.blogspot.in/2012/08/probes-to-mars-and-student-projects_6.html

Srinivasan Ramani

A big asteroid discovered – 2014 UR116

An automatic telescope in Russia near the city of Kislovodsk has spotted an asteroid not sighted earlier. It has been now named 2014 UR116. This asteroid, estimated to be 370 meters in diameter, does not pose any threat of possible collision with the earth over the next six years or so. However, its orbit gets disturbed by the influences of venus and mars. So, there are no guaranties for the future! Obviously, earth's gravitation also plays a part in altering the object's orbit. Visit

http://rt.com/news/201827-dangerous-asteroid-discovered-ur116/

Would it not be great if India builds an automatic telescope which makes available shots of specific areas of the sky on requests over the Internet? Many of us might spend some time looking for interesting astronomical phenomena if such images were easily available.

Srinivasan Ramani

A product idea for a startup – A Traffic Sign Recognizer

Product ideas that are waiting for a scientific advance are not ideal for most startups! You cannot get such advances merely by putting pressure on the staff! Nor are ones requiring a whole lot of technical R & D. In contrast, there are ideas tried and tested as reported by a set of papers.  One such is a traffic sign detector and recognizer. Can you visualize a car mounted video camera that looks out for traffic signs such as stop signs, speed limit displays, “don’t enter” signs, children crossing warnings? A number of researchers have shown this can be done. Visit

Traffic Sign Detection and Pattern Recognition Using Support Vector Machine
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4782748&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4782748 and

Road and Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition
http://www.iasi.cnr.it/ewgt/16conference/ID31.pdf

One announcement on the Web claims that the reported solution performs at superhuman level.

 First Superhuman Pattern Recognition
http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/superhumanpatternrecognition.html

Use of colour for detecting and segmenting the traffic sign image from the overall scene is quite popular. Use of Support Vector Machines is a popular technique and so is the use of neural nets. It is clearly within reach to detect and recognize traffic signs from good quality photographs, and to give lab level demonstrations of the techniques.

Use of visual pattern recognition offers the big advantage that a product does not have to wait for the world to be re-organized. Traffic signs that are in wide use for human recognition serve as the environment for camera based techniques. Imagine asking a city to add even one LED to each traffic sign and to ensure regular power supply to it! It would be a near hopeless task. Camera based techniques do not require such re-engineering of the environment.

A question that arises is why is there no product of this type in the market? Is it because of legal worries – a guy land up in an accident and file a suit saying that a product weakness caused the accident. I don’t think that this is a major issue. Proper labeling and use of Terms and Conditions approved by a lawyer would safeguard the tool. Early versions of the product can be identified as being purely advisory and the user can be cautioned not to depend upon their accuracy and completeness in recognizing signs.  

An important research goal is to use two or more independent recognition techniques in one device and see how the results can be used together to improve product accuracy and reliability. Work on a prototype should be treated as a software engineering project, in which product reliability and performance are given importance and bugs are meticulously tracked and fixed. Optimizing the code to achieve quick response is obviously important too, but nothing can substitute for a well-thought out clean design to start with.

A camera based recognizer can be built as an app for a cell phone in the first place. This will also give it access to GPS coordinates of the vehicle it is mounted on and Web-based access to a remote server. It is one thing to recognize a stop sign at an intersection; it is far better to anticipate that traffic signal before the car comes within sight of that intersection. Integration of a map on the server with the traffic sign detector and recognizer will advance the state of the art to a superior level as compared to that of an unconnected sign recognizer.

Srinivasan Ramani       

Getting an auto rickshaw at your doorstep!

This blog has discussed this issue earlier and has suggested a few related project ideas: 

http://www.newstudentresearch.blogspot.in/2013/03/virtual-cars-for-everyone.html
http://www.newstudentresearch.blogspot.in/2009/01/potential-impact-of-cellular-technology.html

The purpose of this posting today is to suggest a simple project you can implement in a day or two, excluding a few days of learning time if that is necessary in your case. I will describe it in the Indian context mentioning “autos”, that is auto rickshaws. Obviously it will work for a variety of vehicles such as cabs, and even the inter-city buses that wait for passengers!

The suggestion is this: Create a website at which auto drivers can register, giving their name, cell phone number and vehicle number. Later, they should be able to send a short message to a server, giving the location at which they are waiting for passengers. They should mention a clear landmark, for example: Lal bagh.

The site will display over the Web a table giving driver’s phone number and location giving city name as well. Any one requiring an auto could do a web search mentioning something like this:

Site:www.getauto.in   Lal bagh

and select one of the displayed phone numbers. The rest of the work of contacting the driver and giving him the pickup address is left to the user. Later on one can add additional facilities like sending the user an SMS/email giving driver name and site registration number (SRN). In the rare event it is required, the police can use the SRN, contact the site and get driver’s license number, etc.

Remember – only the simplest ideas work first! You can of course write an App, but wait.Should you expect the auto driver to have 2G or 3G connectivity? Or should you try to build a system with an SMS interface? I suggest that you first focus on using a 2G/3G connection. Postpone your market expansion program for the present.

Srinivasan Ramani

Putting a radio beacon on an asteroid

The asteroid named "the Beast" is approximately a thousand feet wide, and is big enough to release 2,000 Megatons of energy if it collides with the earth. That could wipe out a whole metropolitan city. Fortunately, it did not do that during its latest pass on June 8, 2014. It is not expected to come dangerously close any time soon. Officially, its name is 2014 HQ124. For further information, here are a couple of URLs. 

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-178

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2651228/Beware-Beast-1-000-foot-wide-asteroid-come-million-miles-Earth-Sunday.html

This time, the Beast passed within 750,000 miles of the earth. Isn’t time that a technology is developed to attach a transponder to such asteroids so that they can be tracked accurately as far away as a hundred million miles? A good solution would be to have the transponder orbit the asteroid in a fairly tight orbit. It would be necessary for the transponder to orient itself in space and point an antenna towards the earth for long distance communication. Would the development of such an orbiting transponder be a good project for university students?

Why a transponder? Why not a simple beacon? A transponder allows fairly accurate distance measurement; but that may not be essential. A beacon that transmits at fixed intervals may be sufficient to let good tracking of the orbit to be done. I think that a major challenge is in designing a system to locate the direction of the earth and to keep a directional antenna pointed at it. Are there powerful signals sent out 24/7 from the earth that can be utilized to sense the direction of the earth from the asteroid? The Wikipedia gives a list of radio time signal stations around the world, including a 2000 KW transmitter working at 162 KHz in France and a 2.5 KW transmitter working at 20 MHz in the US. Obviously, the 20 MHz transmitter is attractive because one can design a highly directional antenna to work with it, but how do you design a simple mechanism to locate it in the first place and to re-acquire the signal if it is lost for a short time for some reason? One option seems to be to use a Sun seeker and to use rotation with an axis perpendicular to the plane of the solar orbit to acquire the earth signal. Assuming that the asteroid's orbit and that of the earth are not highly inclined to each other, the directional antenna sweeping the plane of the orbit can locate the earth. The satellite can then de-spin itself and point the antenna to wards the earth. The system should be able to work with a few different radio sources spread over the world.  

Another challenge would be in increasing the design life of the transponder to make it worth the effort of launching it. Yet another challenge would be in having the transponder adjust its orbit over the years, so that it does not crash, or get pulled away by the earth or the moon during its future passes. Both challenges would require that one does not depend upon rocket fuel being carried on board, because it would run out rather soon. Considering the very low gravitational force involved, ionic propulsion is a possibility for making necessary changes to the orbit. Or, who knows, may be a good solution is to launch a one ton tank of fuel, with a 20 Kg transponder tacked on outside!

Srinivasan Ramani

John McCarthy, Guru of Artificial Intelligence - Read about him in Resonance

Everyone in computer science knows a lot about John McCarthy and his contributions.  LISP was the first programming language I fell in love with. His contributions to AI and computer science are well-known, but I confess that I have never read his biography so far, but I caught up a bit recently when Professor V Rajaraman wrote a very interesting article about John McCarthy in the March 2014 issue of Resonance, which is available online. Visit

http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/php/toc.php?vol=19&issue=03

I downloaded the PDF version of the article and read it. As a bonus, there is another article in that issue by Dr Raman Chandrasekar on the famous AI system named “Jeopardy!” which competes in TV quiz programs:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeopardy!

Let me offer a few tidbits to give you a feel for Rajaraman’s article. He mentions McCarthy’s visit to IIT Kanpur and says it inspired a number of students to take up computer science and that one of them was Narayana Murthy! He also mentions that the parents of McCarthy had been immigrants to the US, one from Ireland and one from Lithuania. Both had been members of the American Communist Party.

McCarthy had done seminal work in Artificial Intelligence, brought researchers together in the beginning of work in the field; no wonder Rajaraman calls him Father of Artificial Intelligence. McCarthy spent three years serving as Assistant Professor of Mathematics at the Stanford University, but was not given tenure! I got reminded of young colleagues in India who are very interested in inter-disciplinary research of potentially great significance, but are scared that promotion committees may not do them justice if they “stray” beyond the mainstream!  

I do not wish to say any more about McCarthy’s ideas and work in this blog post. I only wanted to attract a few more readers to enjoy Prof Rajaraman article and to benefit from it.  He has done a great job of elucidating the important ideas that McCarthy had worked on.

Srinivasan Ramani 

Building a WiFi “Satellite”

This post is really a companion to my recent post http://www.obvioustruths.blogspot.in/2014/04/use-unlicensed-wifi-spectrum-in-rural.html Please read that if possible, before reading the following. It will give you the context in which I write. 

Here, I really mean by “satellite” a device or a system that is remotely located, and performs a communications relay role. It should be designed to withstand pretty harsh environmental conditions and run unattended. It should be self-sustaining in terms of power, depending on solar panels. It does not have to be in earth orbit! It would be sufficient if it is on some tall peak like Doddabetta in Ooty, Mullaiahnagiri in Chikmagalur, Anamudi near Munnar, Perumalmalai peak in Kodaikanal (just to name a few peaks in South India). If there is a tall building visible for miles around, it may even be on top of that building. The harsh environmental conditions that have to be withstood would be rain, lightning, wind force, heat and cold. 

Actually the system does not have to be on the tallest peak or building in the area, but on a well-chosen place that provides effective line of sight with suitable user groups like schools/colleges. The altitude at which it is located should help it to command a large area around. I expect that it would be easy to find many places in India, where one such device would cover a thousand square kilometers within WiFi range! The “satellite” should, of course, be mounted on a tower or something like that to prevent theft!

The system would include a router, several 5.8 GHz radios and directional antennas. It would have maintenance-free storage batteries and solar panels. Designing such a device is an inter-disciplinary engineering activity and I hope students from different disciplines would volunteer to look into the different aspects. Many design issues arise – like should we decide in advance what the user groups should be and fix the directional antennas appropriately? What is the ideal trade-off between simplicity and sophistication? I will leave to readers to find such issues and discuss them.

Srinivasan Ramani 

April 30, 2014

Prof R Narasimhan's Birthday (April 16)

It is Professor Narasimhan’s birthday today (April 16). If he had lived on, he would have been eighty eight today. There is one simple way many of us can further a goal he worked for - running high quality conferences in the computer field in India. His family has made available to the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, the Institute where he spent his working life, a handsome endowment for an annual memorial award to bring a world-class invited speaker to international conference in the computer field in India. We should spread this information among program committee members of such conferences. For details, please visit
http://www.tifr.res.in/~endowment/index.php/endowment-awards/prof-r-narasimhan-lecture-award

I will quote a few lines from this site:

2. One award will be given annually in the field Computer Science and Technology and will recognize advances in hardware, software, theoretical aspects of computing, or applications of computing.
3. The award will recognize the achievement of younger professionals only and hence will be restricted to professionals up to the age of 40.
4. Recipients of the award should hold a degree from an Indian University, excluding honorary degrees.
5. The award will be in the form of a scroll, with a trophy or plaque (rather than in monetary form), and an invitation to give a public talk titled the "Professor R. Narasimhan Memorial Lecture" on the topic for which the recipient is being recognized. In cases wherein the recipient cannot attend the conference in person, arrangements will be made for the recipient to present the lecture through video conference.
6. The award will cover the expenses of the recipient to travel to the chosen conference in India and present the talk.
I wish to share a few thoughts here:

Obviously, only established international conferences with high standards will qualify for these awards. Peer reviewing and published proceedings are essential.

Prof R K Shyamasundar, TIFR, or I can offer any clarifications required.

Srinivasan Ramani

The need to invent Secondary Data Recorders for Aircraft

The tragic incident of the Malaysian Airlines MH370 has triggered a worldwide question. Why don't we have better data and cockpit voice recorders? Rep. David Price, D-N.C., is reported to have said that the 9/11 Commission recommended after the terrorist hijackings in 2001 that planes carry ejectable "black boxes" to make them easier to find. Visit
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/12/ejectable-recorders-plane-crash-data-voice-black-boxes/6338397/

It is not very easy to design an electable data recorder. I wish to stimulate a number of student inventors/designers to think about this challenge with this blog post, by discussing a number of issues involved.

The first question is about the conditions that should trigger ejection of the recorder. In a military aircraft, this could be when the pilot bails out using an ejection seat. Not in a civilian aircraft. Actual impact, particularly over water, might be too late a moment for the data recorder to eject; it might sucked deep into the water with the falling structures and get trapped under water.  A moment of high deceleration might indicate breaking up of the aircraft in mid-air. An impact will also cause a high level of deceleration.

Innovation requires trying out a variety of designs, without incurring a prohibitive cost. Integration of the device with the aircraft's systems will make these trials process very expensive. So, it might be worth trying out an externally mounted device not integrated with the avionics of the aircraft.  If this prevents cockpit voice recording, one can perhaps do without it to start with. Alternatively, one could try and have the cockpit voice signal sent to the recorder securely over an encrypted WiFi like transmission.

A possible option is that of a device that clings to the external surface of a plane and can fall off after ejecting, to float if it falls into a water body, and sends wireless signals irrespective of where it lands.

How would a device cling to the exterior of a plane when it has air flowing over it at a high speed? One option would be to use the power of the air rushing past the shell of the device to make the device cling tighter to the aircraft. A pitot tube mechanism could create a low pressure area inside the shell, making it cling tightly to the aircraft's surface. Plastic bolts or a magnetic device could provide for the primary attachment to the aircraft, with the partial vacuum created by the moving air providing an additional mechanism to bind the device to the aircraft. Ejecting the device would involve opening a valve that depletes the vacuum. It might also require a mechanical device that cuts or breaks the plastic bolt when necessary.

An external device can easily measure altitude as indicated by air pressure, as well as airspeed. Electronic accelerometers could add data about acceleration in three dimensions, and GPS coordinates as a function of time.

To save battery life, the ejected device may send wireless signals relatively infrequently. It could be designed to respond to polling signals sent by search aircraft or ships, like a transponder. The device might also have built-in solar cells to keep sending signals over weeks or months.

Given all the above-mentioned possibilities, it seems the time is ripe to launch several design projects. A design competition, with an attractive price, may be a good idea.

Having an aircraft sending data more or less continuously is not a bad solution. However, constant search for alternative solutions is necessary till all aircraft are fitted with affordable data recording devices.

Lastly, automobiles can also benefit from data recorders, even if they are not ejectable. Perhaps insurance companies should drive their use by offering lower insurance costs to cars fitted with working and regularly monitored data recorders. Automobile data recorders would have a moderating effect on drivers and make them less risk-prone.

Srinivasan Ramani

Richard E. Merwin Student Scholarship

IEEE Computer Society is offering $40,000 in student scholarships from $1,000 and up to recognize and reward active student volunteer leaders in student branches or chapters who show promise in their academic and professional efforts. For additional information, visit

http://www.computer.org/portal/web/studentactivities/merwin?lf1=417765105e920816014288d18427682

Deadline for application is April 30, 2014.

Srinivasan Ramani

Aids for the Visually Handicapped

IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference 2014 (R10 HTC) is to be held during August 2014, in Chennai, India. http://www.ieeer10htc.org This offers students an opportunity to carry out innovative projects which could have a social impact. The conference has a broad focus, but I will discuss one specific sub-area here, as I have explored this area to some extent.

Technology for the visually challenged

Look at a very simple device that sells for 30 British Pounds. Visit http://www.britishpathe.com/video/ultrasonic-torch   It seems to have been publicized from 1968. It must have benefitted millions of users. I looked for research on user experience and found a very nice paper from the same era, brimming with ideas. Visit http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/68/5/1/91.pdf

This ultrasonic torch shows how valuable a simple device can be. In addition to giving an idea of obstacles in one’s path, it can even give some indication of the nature of the surface ahead.

Of course, there are a number of researchers working in this area, as illustrated by a couple of relatively recent papers: 
http://www.sersc.org/journals/IJDRBC/vol2/1.pdf

http://froese.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/froese-et-al-12-the-enactive-torch-a-new-tool-for-the-science-of-perception.pdf

This area is rich for technical exploration and invention. You could use auto-focus mechanisms exploiting infra-red light, which work in broad daylight. Considering the large volume of production, I would expect necessary components to be commercially available at reasonable prices.

Cell phones have a lot of the infrastructure required to create an ultra-sound beam, to pick up the reflections and process them. Suitable additions to a phone can make implementation easy.

Signal processing techniques enable you to vary the frequency of the signal carried by the beam. This can enable sophisticated probing of the obstacles ahead of a visually challenged person.

It is not pure technology

A lot of technologists learnt a good deal from Steve Jobs work! He made it painfully clear to them that they will fail in the absence of respect for good design ideas and concern for the user experience. He taught that we should not make a device a mere tool, but something that it is a delight to own and use. This point of view is particularly important when we design anything for a visually challenged person.

It is also a matter of business

Innovation cannot stop with ideas, patents and publication.

The Wikipedia says that “Term of every patent in India is 20 years from the date of filing of patent application, irrespective of whether it is filed with provisional or complete specification”. Visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Patent_Office

The patent system provides a limited time to the inventor to “work” his invention and get a benefit; in return it compels him to disclose his invention for public good. 

Do we have entrepreneurs carefully watching for patents that expire? Do they consider manufacture and sale of devices covered by such patents? Do potential entrepreneurs among students look for these opportunities? No one stops an entrepreneur from innovating and inventing. One can always patent a new invention which vastly improves an old device covered by an expired patent. This gives a double strength – a tried and tested idea no longer covered by a patent and a new idea of one’s own covered by a new patent.

A Challenge

Let me conclude by proposing a challenge that may attract some of you. Can we manufacture and sell a device to help the visually challenged at the price of a reasonably good low-end cell-phone? I have in mind something that would cost about 2,500 Indian rupees (say 40 US dollars).

 

Srinivasan Ramani

Cellular Technology cannot help Disaster Victims Outside a Cell Phone Tower’s Reach

  

It is amazing that a terrorist can buy a satellite phone. He can even rent it in certain countries. I understand that a week’s rental is about a thousand US dollars. However, a peaceful citizen caught in an accident can die because he or she cannot call for help. A fisherman caught in hurricane's aftermath can drift for days on the high seas without being able to seek help. A village facing a disaster can suffer for a week because its communication channels are cut. Such a problem did occur last year when floods hit Himachal Pradesh. 

I would like engineering students to ask themselves this technical question: Can we find out a way to ensure that affordable cell phones can send an SMS to some disaster management agency from anywhere in India?  Of course this may require addition of some hardware and software to the cell phone itself. It may require legal and operational safeguards to ensure that some idiot does not send an SMS as a practical joke, making people run around for nothing. At the moment let us just focus on technology. The practical problems mentioned can be solved.

A satellite which can pick up a weak signal and deliver it in a readable form to a ground station could be part of the solution. Telecom guys ought to ask what it takes to receive a 160 Byte signal from a handheld battery operated device and send it down. The principle of complexity inversion says that it may be cost effective to put the sophistication into the satellite or into the ground station rather than into millions of cell phones. The trick is to be able add no more than a couple of thousand rupees to the cost of the cell phone itself, even if it means that we put millions of rupees worth of equipment into the satellite or into each ground station.

I don’t think we ought to limit ourselves to 1 or 1.5 W transmissions from a cell phone. We could use well known techniques to use only a cell phone battery and still spend 10 W for 100 milliseconds. The signal does not have to be sent once only; we can have the phone repeat it a hundred times in a day.  

You can be sure that the “authorities” would not want you to escape their surveillance. No problem, they can tap the ground station for all they want.

Cell phone operators will want their pound of flesh. No problem – we can let them set up the ground stations and charge us a hundred times the standard rate for delivering an emergency SMS.

Are there solutions that do not involve satellites? Is there some part of the wireless spectrum in which a MHz channel be set apart for some form of transmission that will travel hundred kilometers well enough? Short wave? VHF with meteor trail reflection? Artificial ion trails created by simple rockets being fired periodically, say every hour on the hour?

Does the radiation of an emergency signal from a cell phone have to be omni-directional? Can’t we have some indication from the cell phone as to where we should point it so that a signal being sent out in a cone of (say) 60 degrees beam-width has a chance hitting the receiver or the relevant reflecting surface? If there is an ion trail involved, can the cell phone get a signal through it to create an audible alert?   

I am sure that we are smart enough to create a system that a human cry for help can be made to reach us, irrespective of where it originates! It can also give us the location code to tell us its origin. It is the job of engineers to find out how to do all this!

Srinivasan Ramani